A.P. Tureaud was born less than 40 years after the end of slavery and just three years after the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court established the "separate but equal" doctrine of legalized racial segregation. Tureaud lived under Jim Crow laws, the most severe implementation of racial separateness, and worked to see these laws abolished.
A 1925 graduate of the Howard University Law School, Tureaud was admitted to the Louisiana Bar in 1927 and admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court in 1935.
As the local attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., and intimate of the late U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, Tureaud handled practically all the desegregation and other civil rights cases filed in Louisiana from the early 1940s through the 1960s. Among the many civil rights cases, Tureaud successfully obtained equal pay for Louisiana's black teachers and the admission of qualified students -- regardless of color -- to state-supported professional, graduate and undergraduate schools. He fought to end segregation on city buses in Louisiana, and he successfully defended one of the first sit-in cases to go before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Tureaud died January 22, 1972, after a lengthy battle with cancer.
is a 60-minute documentary on the life and works of the late New Orleans civil rights attorney, Alexander Pierre Tureaud, Sr. As the local attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., Tureaud handled practically all the desegregation and other civil rights cases filed in Louisiana from the early 1940s through the 1960s, including suits filed to allow black students to attend Louisiana State University. The documentary includes sequences about his cases to equalize teacher salaries, to loosen restrictions on voter registration, and to desegregate state public universities and New Orleans public schools.
Other segments of the documentary explore Tureaud's educational background, his experience with harassment and threats on his life, and his struggle to maintain a legal practice and support a family.
The documentary features interviews with Tureaud family members and key national and local leaders who knew Tureaud, such as U.S. district judges Constance Baker Motley and Robert Carter; former S.U. Law School dean Louis Berry; Sybil Morial, wife of the late New Orleans mayor Ernest Morial; Archbishop Phillip Hannan, and retired Louisiana Supreme Court Justice Revius Ortique. Rare audio of Tureaud discussing his activities in the civil rights movement is also presented.
The documentary was produced by Rachel L. Emanuel, and written by Emanuel and Denise Barkis-Richter. Edward Dodd was director of photography and off-line editor, and Sailor Jackson was chief camera operator. Original music was composed and performed by Alvin Batiste. The program was narrated by Clyde Robertson. The program is sponsored by the A.P. Tureaud Chapter of the LSU Alumni Foundation and was funded in part by grants from the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities and the Louisiana Bar Foundation's Interest on Lawyers' Trust Account Fund (IOLTA).
Chronology
1867-1877:
During Reconstruction, all of the public high schools in New Orleans enrolled black students, but between 1879 and 1917 no city-run high school was available for black students in the city.
1896:
In Plessy v. Ferguson the U.S. Supreme Court sanctions legalized racial segregation. "Separate but Equal" becomes the law of the land.
1899:
Alexander Pierre Tureaud is born in New Orleans. He grows up at 907 Kerlerac Street, one block below Esplanade, at the bend of Dauphine in New Orleans' Seventh Ward, known as the black Creole community.
His father, Louis Tureaud, is a carpenter/contractor and his mother Eugenia is a housewife and part-time domestic. There are eleven children, six boys and five girls. The Tureauds attend St. Augustine Catholic Church.
1901:
Theodore Roosevelt is elected President of the United States.
1905:
A.P. is educated in New Orleans' parochial and public schools.
1907:
Louisiana Legislative Act 87 decrees that "concubinage between a white person and black person is a felony."
1910:
Louis Tureaud leaves his family and moves to New York. The Tureaud children are left to support themsevles and their mother.
1915:
Creoles are defined as Louisiana-born descendants of the original French and Spanish settlers. The term once applied to Negroes born in America rather than Africa.
1916:
At 17, Tureaud responds to a newspaper advertisement and gets a free train ticket to Chicago for a job working in the rail yards. He makes $1 an hour, and finds himself in the middle of a labor/management dispute.
Tureaud applies for a civil service job with the U.S. Justice Department.
1918:
Before receiving an answer on employment opportunity in Washington, Tureaud goes to New York to stay with his brother, and his uncle, James Slater, who is involved in Republican politics.
Tureaud and his brother work during the day washing dishes in a restaurant and perform small parts in Harlem theatres at night.
In New York, Tureaud witnesses Marcus Garvey leading a crowd of thousands in a parade through Harlem. Garvey proclaims that black people must return to Africa to form a proud new nation.
While in New York, Tureaud is offered the job at the Justice Department. He moves to Washington and becomes a junior clerk in the Justice Department's library. The library serves the U.S. Supreme Court where such luminaries as Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis sit on the bench. He also meets U.S. Attorney General Thomas Ralph Gregory. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is a former New Orleans neighbor, Edward Douglas White.
1919:
Tureaud attends night school at St. John's College.
1921:
Tureaud is promoted to first-grade clerk at the library. He meets J. Edgar Hoover studying Russian in the library.
The Harding administration is involved in the Teapot Dome scandal.
Chief Justice White dies and is replaced by William H. Taft.
Tureaud enrolls in Howard University Law School.
Tureaud boards at the home of Shelby Davidson, an NAACP activist. Shelby's son, Gene, one of Tureaud's classmates at Howard, is also editor of the Washington Daily American, a small weekly. A.P. writes for the paper.
1922:
Tureaud joins the NAACP after a rousing speech by James Weldon Johnson at a meeting held in Howard University's theater.
Passing for white, Tureaud infiltrates a segregationist meeting in the basement of a Catholic church, and reports in the Washington Daily American their secret pledge not to allow Negroes to buy homes in their neighborhood.
1924:
Tureaud's father dies in Yonkers.
The Louisiana Legislature grants cities with populations of 25,000 or more the power to mandate residential segregation.
1925:
The Louisiana Weekly newspaper is established by the C.C. Dejoie family.
A myriad of social clubs, including the Autocrat club, are formed in the Seventh Ward community to encourage community activism to help solve the economic and political problems of black residents.
1926:
Tureaud graduates from Howard at age 27 and returns to New Orleans. Instead of establishing a full-time legal practice, he takes a job with the Comptroller of Customs, headed by black Creole Republican Walter Cohen.
1927:
Tureaud becomes a board member of the New Orleans chapter of the NAACP. He serves as chairman of the Committee on Publicity.
The U.S. Supreme Court declares the 1924 Louisiana mandate for residential segregation unconstitutional.
The Seventh Ward Civic League is formed out of the Autocrat Club. The league focuses on education, support for black businesses, and promoting interracial cooperation.
1929:
Ernest "Dutch" Morial, later to become Tureaud's protégé and New Orleans' first black mayor, is born.
Martin Luther King, Jr., is born in Montgomery, Alabama.
The white Democratic primary (instituted in Louisiana in 1906) supplements the poll tax.
1930s:
Huey P. Long is governor of Louisiana.
Tureaud becomes president of the Autocrat Club.
1931:
At 32, Tureaud marries Lucille Dejoie, a pharmacist whose father owns a pharmacy. She is also a distant cousin of C.C. Dejoie, Sr., who owns a prosperous insurance agency and publishes the Louisiana Weekly, Louisiana's largest black newspaper.
The NAACP challenges Louisiana's discriminatory voter registration procedures in court. Although the courts ruled against the plaintiffs in Trudeau v. Barnes, the black community felt the effort addresses "the problem of awakening or instilling race pride in Negroes themselves."
Tureaud is angered by the NAACP's use of white lawyers to handle its cases (even Trudeau v. Barnes) for the past three years.
Tureaud appeals to the national NAACP office to invalidate George Labat's irregular elevation to local branch president or, failing that, to approve the creation of a second New Orleans chapter. The national office turns Tureaud down.
Following the death of Walter Cohen and George Lucas, the fragmentation of the black leadership, the defeat in the Trudeau case, and the onset of the Great Depression, local civil rights efforts decline.
1932:
Tureaud becomes a national advocate for the Knights of Peter Claver, a black Catholic organization.
1933:
Franklin Roosevelt is President of the United States.
W.E.B. Dubois visits New Orleans to do research on his book, Black Reconstruction in America. He meets with Tureaud who shows him around the city.
1938:
The New Orleans NAACP files and loses a suit to desegregate the Municipal Auditorium in New Orleans; members believe the inexperienced white attorney mishandles the case.
1940:
Tureaud and other key leaders establish the New Orleans Sentinel to advance their efforts to take over the NAACP New Orleans branch.
Tureaud's colleague Dan Byrd assumes the presidency of the local branch and its membership grows into the thousands. The New Orleans' NAACP contacts Thurgood Marshall to pursue school teacher salary equalization cases. Marshall requests that A P. Tureaud be retained as local counsel on the cases.
1942:
Tureaud files his first teacher salary equalization case, Joseph P. McKelpin v. Orleans Parish School Board, in conjunction with Thurgood Marshall. They win, but the client, the New Orleans Citizens Committee in the person of its chairman, Donald Jones, refuses to pay Tureaud. Ignoring his bill of $3,500, they give a watch worth $200. He writes back, "It is surprising to learn that those for whom I worked would now consider me an object of charity."
For two weeks in a row, Tureaud is excoriated in editorials in the Sepia Socialite for billing for his work. He threatens to sue for defamation and draws up the papers. Two months later, the Socialite lauds Tureaud in an editorial and asks that he be paid. The New Orleans Citizens Committee sends a check for $2,000.
Tureaud files Willie Robinson v. LSU Board of Supervisors, et al, to force desegregation of LSU.
Tureaud files Bush v. Orleans Parish Schools to force desegregation of the schools in the parish, along with Louis Berry, and Thurgood Marshall.
Fifteen years after returning to New Orleans, Tureaud quits his job at the Custom House and goes into private practice. Presumably, Thurgood Marshall is instrumental in helping him make this decision. Louis Berry said the Customs office forced him to make a decision to quit civil rights litigation and keep his job or leave.
Tureaud files Edward Hall v. T. J. Nagel, Registrar of Voters, to press for voting rights. His victory loosens Louisiana registration procedures. Only 400 black New Orleanians were registered voters in 1940. More than 28,000 could be counted by 1952.
1944:
Tureaud leaves the Republican Party and registers as a Democrat.
1945:
Tureaud organizes the black lawyers' group, the Louis A. Martinet Society.
1946:
Tureaud leads a three-man team to investigate the lynching of a black Army veteran in Minden, Louisiana. The three find out the names of the lynchers and send the information to the U.S Department of Justice, but nothing is done about it.
1947:
Tureaud files his first equal public school facility case, Clayton Guillory v. St. Landry Parish School Board.
1948:
Tureaud files four equal public school facility cases in Iberville, Jefferson, St. Charles, and Orleans parishes.
1949:
Tureaud lodges a formal complaint with Mayor DeLesseps Morrison about the segregation of City Park golf course. The mayor answers evasively, pretending that he has no control over the City Park Commission, which is a "self-appointive commission.î
Morrison establishes a personal connection to mobilize the black community through the Rev. A. L. Davis and the Orleans Parish Progressive Voters' League, founded in March, 1949. Tureaud is on the OPPVL board.
Tureaud opposes a new segregated housing developmentóthe Pontchartrain Park subdivision for middle-class blacks, financed by white entrepreneurs Rosa and Charles Keller, Edgar and Edith Stern, and supported by the New Orleans Urban League.
1950:
Segregationist groups called the White Citizens' Councils are established (New Orleans provided over half of the state's total membership).
Tureaud tires of waiting for Mayor Morrison to act and files a federal suit to permit blacks on the municipal golf course. Soon after, the NAACP files a second federal suit for the desegregation of Audubon Park.
Tureaud becomes president of the NAACP New Orleans chapter.
The U.S. Supreme Court decides two important cases. Sweatt v. Paine clearly defines an "equal" educational facility and McLaurin v. Oklahoma says that, if there is no equal facility, then the white facilities must be opened to black students.
Within three months, Tureaud and Thurgood Marshall draft two suits against LSU (Daryle Foster v. Board of Supervisors of LSU and Roy Wilson v. Board of Supervisors of LSU) after the university denies admission to 12 blacks. Marshall apparently argues the cases in court.
On November 4, Roy Wilson enters the LSU Law School. Tureaud is mobbed by photographers at the Baton Rouge airport. He personally hands law dean Henry G. McMahon a copy of the Court decree forcing him to accept Wilson, (All across the South, some 200 black students enter 21 formerly all-white colleges and universities that same week.)
Off the record, Tureaud lets slip the fact that the New Orleans Police Department will be hiring its first black officers. That afternoon, it is splashed all over the front page of the States Item. Supt. of Police A. Adair Watters and Mayor Morrison are embarrassed and furious. I he two black officers were to be assigned to a black neighborhood as plainclothes juvenile officers.
Tureaud is named executor over the estate of black insurance businessman John Lewis. It is reported that Tureaud receives his largest attorney's fee ever on this case.
1951:
LSU discovers that Roy Wilson was discharged from the Army with a Section 8 (insubordination) and that he had other misdemeanors in his past. The board kicks him out of law school as "not morally qualified."
In October, Tureaud works out an agreement with nursing school officials to admit Daryle Foister, but the LSU board later refuses to admit her without a court order. Tureaud goes to federal court within days and the same federal judge once again orders LSU to accept a black student.
In June, Tureaud files a federal suit, Payne v. LSU, and wins instantly. Payne is admitted to graduate school.
1952:
In April, A.P. is honored by the NAACP New Orleans branch.
1953:
Tureaud's son A.P. Tureaud, Jr. applies as a freshman to LSU, but is rejected. Tureaud files suit. The district court finds for the plaintiff. Twenty-one lawyers for LSU go over the case and file an appeal. The Appeals Court overturns the lower court on the technicality that only one judge heard the case. LSU promptly kicks A. P. Jr., out of school.
Tureaud requests that the Supreme Court enjoin LSU from acting until it can hear the case, and the court does so. But now his son refuses to return to LSU and continues study at Xavier University.
1956:
The Louisiana Supreme Court prohibits the state's NAACP branches from holding meetings or conducting regular business. The state applies a 1924 law designed to reveal the identities of members of the Ku Klux Klan when it asked the NAACP to surrender its membership list.
NAACP secretary Roy Wilkins subsequently suspends the organization's operations in Louisiana, and normal activity did not resume until the early 1960s, when the federal Courts overturned the legislative directives.
1958:
Tureaud runs for U.S. Congress but fails to be elected.
1960:
New Orleans public schools begin desegregating. Around this time Tureaud's home is under FBI surveillance.
The NAACP's Youth Council is organized in Tureaud's law office.
Tureaud voices opposition to the establishment of federally funded free legal aid firms in New Orleans. He felt that black lawyers in private practice needed the tees paid to them by people who would have been entitled to this free legal service.
The Louisiana Legislature requires a public school curriculum that includes a course on the superiority of the white race.
1961:
Tureaud successfully handles Garner v. Louisiana, in which the Supreme Court declares unanimously that students had a right to sit-in as a protest.
Vie Schiro, who was very critical of the NAACP, succeeds Morrison as mayor of New Orleans (1961 -70). He refuses a black group's use of the Municipal Auditorium in which Martin Luther King was to speak, but allows the White Citizens' Council to use it.
1963:
A massive march is conducted on New Orleans' City Hall, when Mayor Schiro continues excluding black residents from using public facilities.
1964:
Civil Rights Act passed into law.
1965:
Total Community Action Agency, Inc. is created as an initial conduit for federal poverty program money in New Orleans. Tureaud and other black leaders support Schiro for mayor, despite his previous record.
1967:
Ernest Morial is elected first black member of the Louisiana House of Representatives in the modern era.
1969:
Tureaud is appointed an ad hoc judge of the traffic courts on four occasions by Mayor Schiro, "Moon" Landrieu (acting mayor), and John Petre (acting mayor).
In Linda Williams v. George Kimbrough, Tureaud contests Madison Parish's firing of black teachers and their replacement by whites.
1970:
The Louisiana Legislature forces the public schools to buy textbooks and materials that include African-American history.
1971:
Edwin Edwards is elected governor of Louisiana.
Tureaud retires.
Tureaud is inducted into the Tulane Law School Order of Coif, the most exclusive academic society of legal education in the country.
1972:
Less than a year later on January 22, he dies of cancer.
Selected Bibliography
Books
Baker, Liva, The Second Battle of New Orleans: The Hundred Year Struggle to Integrate the Schools, Harper Collins, New York, NY, 1996.
Devore, Donald E., and Logsdon, Joseph, Crescent City Schools, New Orleans, 1991.
Greenberg, Jack Crusaders on the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Flights Revolution, Basic Books, May 1994.
Fairclough, Adam, Race and Democracy -- The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana 1915-1972, The University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1995.
Hirsch, Arnold R. and Logsdon, Joseph, Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1992.
Rogers, Kim Lacy, Righteous Lives: Narratives of the New Orleans Civil Rights Movement, New York University Press; New York, N.Y 1993.
Smith, J. Clay, Emancipation, the Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1993.
Theses/Dissertations
Rachel L. Emanuel, "The Making of A Black Documentary: An Ethnography from the Agenda-Setting Perspective," University of Texas, Austin, 1996.
Rachel Emanuel-Wallace, "The Louisiana Weekly's Coverage of Alexander Pierre Tureaud, Sr., 1951-1953," Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 1990.
Barbara Worthy, "The Travail and Triumph of a Southern Black Civil Rights Lawyer: The Legal Career of Alexander Pierre Tureaud, 1899-1972," Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 1984.
Proceedings of Meetings
Tureaud Documentary Scholars' Panel, February 26, 1993, [Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, Xavier University, New Orleans, Louisiana] Cassette Recordings, T. Harry Williams Center for Oral History, LSU, Baton Rouge.
Eula Mae Lee (Speaker) [Interview with Glenda Brown] Kim Lacy Rogers-Glenda B. Stevens Collection, Amistad Research center, Tulane University, New Orleans.
Alexander P. Tureaud, Sr. (August 1969) [Interview with Robert Wright Civil Rights Documentation Project, Moorland-Spingard Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
Unpublished Manuscripts, Speeches
Joseph Logsdon, "Oral History of Alexander P. Tureaud," University of New Orleans Archives, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Alexander P. Tureaud, "Our Freedom," Tureaud Papers, Amistad Research Center, Box 71, File 10.
VHS copies of Journey for Justice: The A.P. Tureaud Story can be your free gift with a minimum donation to the A.P. Tureaud Chapter Endowed Scholarship. Call 504-388-3838 and ask for the A.P. Tureaud Chapter. Limited copies are available!
About the Filmmaker
Rachel Lorraine Emanuel was born in Shreveport, Louisiana, on October 8, 1955, the daughter of Leon Lewis Emanuel and Otis Whiten Emanuel. After earning a high school diploma at C. E. Byrd High School, Shreveport, Louisiana, in 1973, she entered Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She earned the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Louisiana State University in December, 1977.
During the following years, Emanuel was employed as a news clerk for the Baton Rouge Morning Advocate, a public relations coordinator for the East Baton Rouge Parish Consumer Protection Center, a public information representative for the Louisiana Department of Urban and Community Affairs, and a publications editor for the LSU Office of Publications.
She earned a Masters of Journalism from Louisiana State University in August 1990. In January 1994, she entered the Graduate School of The University of Texas, while on leave from her position as director of publications at Southern University in Baton Rouge.
She earned the Ph.D. in Journalism from UT in May 1996. Graduating with honors, she was inducted into the Phi Kappa Phi Honorary Fraternity, was a UT Graduate Opportunity Program Fellow, was one of ten nationally to receive the 1994 Inez Kaiser Award for Graduate Students of Color in Public Relations from the Association of Educators in Journalism and Mass Communications; and was editorial assistant for the book report review section of Journalism Quarterly.
Since l987, Emanuel has been researching Tureaud's life and with this historical data has contributed to a number of successful projects, including:
- A l5-minute slide presentation, "Black Students Enter LSU for the First Time"
- Establishment of the A. P. Tureaud Chapter of the LSU Alumni Association
- Her l990 master's thesis, "The Louisiana Weekly's Coverage of Alexander Pierre Tureaud, Sr., (1950-l953)"
- Naming of A. P. Tureaud Hall on the LSU campus (the first building on the campus named for an African-American)
- Establishment of the A. P. Tureaud Chapter Scholarship
- Establishment of the A. P. Tureaud Milestone Award
- Her 1996 doctoral dissertation, "The Making of a Black Documentary: an Ethnography from an Agenda-Setting Perspective"
- The 60-minute video documentary, Journey for Justice: The A. P. Tureaud Story
Emanuel is a member of the Public Relations Association of Louisiana and Southern Public Relations Federation, and a member of the board of directors of the River Road African American Museum and the A. P. Tureaud Chapter of the LSU Alumni Association. She is an active member of Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church and the mother of 1l-year-old Lawryn Emanuelle Wallace.
Credits
Interviews:
Archbishop Phillip M. Hannan, Retired Archbishop - Archdiocese of New Orleans
Constance Baker Motley, U.S. District Judge
Jane Tureaud, daughter of A.P. Tureaud
Joseph Logsdon, Professor of History, University of New Orleans
J. Clay Smith, Professor of Law, Howard University Law Center
Mrs. Sybil H. Morial, Wife of the late Ernest Morial, former mayor of New Orleans and mother of Mayor Marc Morial
Jack Greenberg, Professor of Law, Columbia University, former director of NAACP Legal Defense Fund
Revius Ortique, Former Justice, Louisiana Supreme Court
John P. Nelson, Director of Law Clinic, Loyola School of Law
Sylvia T. Patterson, daughter of A.P. Tureaud
Janet Tureaud Davis, daughter of A.P. Tureaud
A.P. Tureaud, Jr., son of A.P. Tureaud
Robert Carter, U.S. District Judge
John Rousseau, former editor, New Orleans Sentinel
Stafford Tureaud, nephew of A.P. Tureaud
Carole Tureaud, daughter of A.P. Tureaud
Louis Berry, former dean, Southern University Law Center
Raphael Cassimere, Jr., Associate Professor of History, University of New Orleans
Elise T. Nicholls, daugher of A.P. Tureaud
Lolis Edward Elie, attorney
Credits:
Rachel L. Emanuel, Producer/Director
Rachel L. Emanuel and Denise Barkis Richter, Writers
Ed Dodd, Director of Photography
Alvin Batiste, Orignal Music and Performance
Clyde Robertson, Narrator
James Ericson and Ed Dodd, Offline Editors
Jeff Cotten, Online Editor (LA Post)
Ed Dodd, Sailor Jackson, Keith Normand, Tassos Rigopoulos, Thomas Kaufman, Camera Operators
Bruce Kelfstrom, Graphic Designer (K-FX 2)
Daryl Dickerson, Recordist/Music Mixer
Clifford Hargrove, Audio Production Assistant
Yvette Beaugh, Yosheka Gaston, Paula Pitts, Maya Riley, Henry Tillman, Assistants to the Producer
Robert Graham, Production Assistant
N.H. Cominos, Supervisor of Production
Mary K. Scott, Fiscal Officer
Yvette Beaugh, Mary Hebert, Carol Zernial, Researchers
Sponsored by A.P. Tureaud Chapter, LSU Alumni Association
Participating Scholars:
Raphael Cassimere
Lolis Edward Elie
Joseph Logsdon
John P. Nelson
Frank Ransburg
J. Clay Smith
Barbara Worthy
Film and Audio Stock:
Amistad Research Center
Louisiana State Archives
LSU Office of Public Relations
Mississippi Department of Archives and History
Moorland Spingarn Research Center, Howard University
National Archives
University of New Orleans
WDSU-TV, New Orleans
Photographs:
Mrs. Robert Adams
The Advocate
Amistad Research Center
Associated Press
Bettmann Archive
Corpus Christi Catholic Church, New Orleans
Charls Hatfield
Historic New Orleans Collection
International News
Library of Congress
LSU T. Harry Williams Center for Oral History
Louisiana Bar Journal Copyright 1964
Louisiana State Bar Association
Joseph O. Misshore, Jr.
Moorland Spingarn Research Center, Howard University
New Orleans Public Library
Public Defender, Southern University Law Center
Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas, Austin
John E. Rousseau
Wiliam Ransom Hogan Jazz Archives
Tulane University Library
Al Rose Collection
J. St. Cyr Collection
Southern University Office of Publications, Baton Rouge Campus
Southen University Library, New Orleans Campus
Southern University Shreveport/Bossier Campus
Times-Picayune
The Claverite
Knights of Peter Claver, New Orleans
A.P. Tureaud Family
Shreveport Sun
St. Augustine Catholic Church, New Orleans
U.S. Supreme Court Archives
University of Illinois, Chicago
University of New Orleans Special Collections
Center for American History, University of Texas, Ausin
Xavier University Archives, New Orleans
Special Thanks To:
University of Texas Department of Radio, TV and Film
Walter Jay Mines
Chuck Siler
Funding Provided By:
Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities
Louisiana Bar Foundation Interest on Lawyers' Trust Account Fund
Additional Funding and Support Provided By:
Louisiana Office of Secretary of State
LSU Office of Public Relations
Exxon Refinery, Baton Rouge
Exxon USA
Louisiana Public Broadcasting
LSU T. Harry Williams Center for Oral History
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., Alpha Beta Omega Chapter
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Nu Psi Chapter
Liberty Bank and Trust, New Orleans
CECOS Industries, Livingston
Tureaud Chapter Members
Knights of Peter Claver
Southern University, Baton Rouge Campus
Metropolitan Arts Guild, New Orleans
University of Texas at Austin, Graduate Opportunity Program Office
WVLA-TV, Baton Rouge
La Capitale Chapter, Links, Inc.
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